Dementia is a syndrome that causes a gradual decline in memory, thinking, language, orientation, and the ability to manage everyday activities. It is not a normal or inevitable part of ageing, although the risk of developing dementia increases with age.
How does dementia present?
Early changes may be subtle. A person may forget recent events, repeat the same questions, become lost in a familiar place, or find routine tasks increasingly difficult. The symptoms and their rate of progression depend on the underlying cause and the person’s overall health.
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Possible symptoms
- loss of short-term memory;
- difficulty planning, calculating, or making decisions;
- disorientation in time or place;
- difficulty finding words or following a conversation;
- reduced attention and difficulty learning new information;
- changes in mood, behaviour, or personality;
- loss of independence in everyday activities.
If these changes appear suddenly, particularly with confusion, weakness, speech difficulty, or a severe headache, seek urgent medical help.
Causes of dementia
Dementia may be associated with Alzheimer’s disease, vascular disease in the brain, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurological conditions. Similar symptoms can also result from depression, thyroid disease, vitamin B12 deficiency, infections, medication side effects, alcohol use, and certain other conditions. A thorough assessment is therefore needed to identify the cause.
Diagnosis
An assessment may be conducted by a neurologist or psychiatrist. The doctor speaks with the patient and, with their consent, someone close to them, assesses memory and other cognitive functions, and reviews medical history and medication. Blood tests, MRI or CT scans, and consultation with other specialists may be recommended when appropriate.
Treatment and support
The care plan depends on the cause and stage of the condition. Some medicines can reduce particular symptoms or slow their progression in certain types of dementia, but they are not suitable for everyone. Other important measures include:
- treating coexisting conditions and managing vascular risk factors;
- maintaining a clear daily routine and a safe home environment;
- appropriate physical and social activity;
- supporting healthy sleep and nutrition;
- support for relatives and advance planning for care needs.
Early assessment can identify potentially reversible causes of cognitive difficulties, guide treatment, and help the family arrange appropriate support. Do not change prescribed medication without consulting a doctor.
Expert opinion
“When memory declines, it is important to consider not only test results but also how the changes affect the person’s daily life. Early assessment helps clarify the cause, begin appropriate treatment, and support the family in planning care,” says Khrystyna Zhyvago, PhD MD, psychiatrist.